电子签名英语_英文电子签名格式

1.如何区分e-business 和 e-commerce

2.什么叫B2B？还有C2C

3.求一篇英语作文，“无纸办公能否取代有纸办公？”

These illegal activities have greatly reduced consumer confidence in e-commerce. The performance of all the above listed e-commerce has had a negative impact of the credit, hindering the smooth development of e-commerce activities.

You can call it "China's first real information on the law."

E-commerce development in China is in the second, between the three levels, so many problems in e-commerce performance is not obvious.

If the electronic signature law has been passed, some people hold different views, that is not feasible. Because information on the Web can easily be modified, deleted, copied, and lost. Second, the existence of hackers, often damage the normal operation of the computer and so on. Third, related to all aspects of the operation of e-commerce support and facilitation and coordination. For example, our financial restructuring, operational, e-commerce payments, authentication of online transactions is very restricted role. Since e-commerce in a virtual environment and the Macross trading activities under the environment is carried out in the web platform, such as parties to the transaction in dispute is very complex. Therefore, e-commerce laws and regulations do have difficulty in the formulation.

如何区分e-business 和 e-commerce

“timestamp”翻译成中文是“时间戳；时间邮票”。时间戳是使用数字签名技术产生的数据，签名的对象包括了原始文件信息、签名参数、签名时间等信息。时间戳系统用来产生和管理时间戳，对签名对象进行数字签名产生时间戳，以证明原始文件在签名时间之前已经存在。

一、timestamp的音标：

英?[?ta?mst?mp]?美?[?ta?mst?mp]?

二、短语：

Timestamp Reply?时间戳应答 ; 时间戳回答 ; 时间标签答复

AS OF TIMESTAMP?基于时间的查询

Invalid Timestamp?非法的时间戳参数 ; 时间戳无效

decrease timestamp?时间点滞后

increase timestamp?时间点提前

三、双语例句：

Note?the?timestamp?for?the?image.?

注意此映像的时间戳。

Do you?really?need that?timestamp?

是否真正需要时间戳？

It?returns?the current?system?timestamp.?

该函数返回当前系统时间戳。

什么叫B2B？还有C2C

e-commerce是电子商业，e-business是电子商务。

一、指代不同

1、e-commerce：指在互联网(Internet)、 和增值网（Value Added Network)上以电子交易方式进行交易活动和相关服务活动，是传统商业活动各环节的电子化、网络化。

2、e-business：，是指在互联网（Internet）、内部网（Intranet）和增值网（VAN，Value Added Network）上以电子交易方式进行交易活动和相关服务活动

二、过程不同

1、e-commerce：包括电子货币交换、供应链管理、电子交易市场、网络营销、在线事务处理、电子数据交换（EDI）、存货管理和自动数据收集系统。

2、e-business：是传统商业活动各环节的电子化、网络化。电子商务包括电子货币交换、供应链管理、电子交易市场、网络营销、在线事务处理、电子数据交换（EDI）、存货管理和自动数据收集系统。

三、工具不同

1、e-commerce：利用电子化工具（有时甚至指整个电子媒介领域，包括广播、电视、电话通讯等等）来实现包括电子商务(或电子交易)在内的商业交换和行政作业的商贸活动的全过程。

2、e-business：利用到的信息技术包括：互联网、外联网、电子邮件、数据库、电子目录和移动电话。

百度百科-e-business

百度百科-E-commerce

求一篇英语作文，“无纸办公能否取代有纸办公？”

大家经常听说B2B、B2C、C2C等，那么到底B2B、B2C、C2C市场是什么意思啊?可能很多朋友并不是很了解，下面我们就分别介绍一下。

1、B2B(也有写成 BTB，是Business-to-Business的缩写)是指企业与企业之间通过专用网络或Internet，进行数据信息的交换、传递，开展交易活动的商业模式。它将企业内部网和企业的产品及服务，通过 B2B 网站或移动客户端与客户紧密结合起来，通过网络的快速反应，为客户提供更好的服务，从而促进企业的业务发展。

2、B2C是Business-to-Customer的缩写，而其中文简称为“商对客”。“商对客”是电子商务的一种模式，也就是通常说的直接面向消费者销售产品和服务商业零售模式。

3、C2C实际是电子商务的专业用语，是个人与个人之间的电子商务。其中C指的是消费者，因为消费者的英文单词是Customer(Consumer)，所以简写为c，又因为英文中的2的发音同to，所以C to C简写为C2C。C2C即 Customer(Consume) to Customer(Consumer)。C2C的意思就是消费者个人间的电子商务行为。比如一个消费者有一台电脑，通过网络进行交易，把它出售给另外一个消费者，此种交易类型就称为C2C电子商务。

B2B有三宝：企业、中介、沟通好

B2C有三宝：品牌、渠道、销售好

C2C有三宝：你开、我买、支付宝

以上就是有关B2B、B2C、C2C市场是什么意思啊的简单介绍，通过本文的介绍，大家应该对这几种模式有了一定的了解，希望能够对大家有所帮助。

With the modernization and accelerate the pace of information technology, new network-based approach to the traditional office "documents to and from type" office challenge, convenient and fast to promote e-. At the same time gave electronic documents and traditional paper documents how the office is compatible with new issues, this paper under the network environment, "paperless office" on a number of diffusion of knowledge, and all to discuss.

First, the "paperless office" the benefits of multi-

1. Mouse, a press, work efficiency

Improve efficiency, information sharing, coordination office is that most agencies, departments to implement a paperless office in the main starting point. E- so that we benefit from convenient, and many had complicated the work of all redundant clicks to easily complete the finger. Paperless office, mainly based on the internal LAN set up, through the use of network interconnection, the realization of information sharing and coordination office. This network of office by way of the main starting point is to improve efficiency. This office can greatly improve the work efficiency, reduced workload. In the past, non-classified the documents issued, notices of meetings, information, need to print, copy, and then delivered by a correspondent of various departments, the efficiency is very low, in the issuance of a lot of time to waste, human and material resources. Various departments to communicate timely information can not be, causing much inconvenience. After the use of networking, information exchange is very smooth and convenient, has also been greatly improved work efficiency, the original documents need to be sent everywhere, and now as long as a finger press, dozens of instantly sent out a notice.

2. A knock on the keyboard, costs less

In addition to "effort", the "save money" is also a network connected office system organs, another important reason. Networking as a shut-off valves invisible, unknowingly to save a lot of resources to agencies to reduce the huge administrative resources. As the network of electronic documents, then the natural resource conservation, first of all from the beginning to save paper. Office network enables the implementation of a significant reduction of paper documents, resulting in the printing, papers and other office costs to be reduced. The use of electronic documents and networked open, then save the postage required to send paper documents, travel expenses, communication costs and manpower, not only to improve the working efficiency, and save a lot of related office expenses. In addition, with the increase in electronic documents, paper documents the fall, will enable agencies to address a large number of "mountain" the issue of saving a lot of manpower and space. In addition, the realization of e-, but also make full use of existing fixed assets, utility, do their best. Before, although many offices are equipped with computers, but did not realize network interconnection, and many have become a typewriter or computer games, computer functioning little about. Achieved networking, paperless office, the computer's convenient, fast and was able to truly play the role.

II, suffered "paperless" embarrassing

In 1998, the U.S. Congress passed the "Government Paperwork Elimination Act." For a time, an "paperless office" trend in the U.S. is rising rapidly. It has been predicted, not many years, the paper will be completely "swept under the desk" and replacing them with cost-effective new model of digital network office. Calculation was carried out a bold claim that this unprecedented revolution in the office saw a year will save a great deal for the paper under the trees, so as to protect the global vegetation make great contributions to ... ...

However, many years later, the "paperless office" in this Internet age of newborns has not been as anticipated as people grow, electronic documents are still difficult to overcome the mysterious and ancient paper media. Today, the "paperless office" concept is not as widely accepted by the public, despite efforts to promote electronic information continues to make progress in the office, but this should be synchronized with the entire process of the new digital office concept still enjoys popular support network . The only differ, perhaps originally the so-called "fill the gap", "write if God" into the crackling sound of typing along, and distinctive handwriting into a machine boring print draft.

People on the "paperless" is not a groundless suspicion. Paper was thousands of years human society has been proved by the preservation of information and knowledge, the best, save the longest media. If one day, the paper really is electronic media, such as hard drives, floppy disks, CD-ROM, as well as VCD, DVD, etc. replacement, who can guarantee that centuries later, they are still safe for people to take good care of these things, and for future generations read, not to mention all of the electronic media will inevitably be affected by physical and chemical factors produced a qualitative change, not open, just from the computer itself, the form of storage technology and the rapid development of point of view, any existing insurance coefficient is very large The new media, are likely to be rapidly eliminated, can not be supported by the new format, which is difficult to read. A few years ago was also a popular 5.25-inch disk has now been eliminated, in the past using this medium to be copied or saved in the transfer of information, or just can not read. Therefore, the preservation of electronic documents are too difficult to be trusted. Thus in the management of electronic records should be clearly defined, "electronic document archive should record on CD-ROM, CD Write Once, tape, etc. durability vector, disable the floppy disk, as long-term preservation of electronic documents filed carrier."

Many radical humanist believes that electronic documents cold, lack of human touch, "paperless office" against the norms of humanity, to work full of fun original monotonous, people from the outset, computers and networks become slave, which should be blocked. Now many writers still cling fired off letters in the habit of their view, knocked out cold and stiff type, without a soul. "Paperless" in the text is created in the spirit of the industrial age garbage.

Third, electronic, paper synchronized

From the current state of view the implementation of paperless office, e- still can not completely replace the paper-based office. Many agencies to implement paperless office is still a two-pronged, electronics, paper run. Although the paperless office document transmission allows greatly improved efficiency and save some resources, but there are some problems. For example, as electronic document can not completely replace the paper files, many parts of the uploaded files still need to print, stamped signature and then save. Electronic records management should be clearly stipulates: "with a permanent, long-term preservation of electronic documents, necessary to create a paper filing, filing copies of a duplicate, one to long-term preservation, one to provide access. "Therefore, to save the file in electronic form of the significance of the document is that they can only provide more convenient inquiry, and in the preservation of safe, security is still far less than paper documents. This is because the current computer's safety factor lower, Wen Jian Mei You preservation of the exact protection; on the other hand Ze is Dianzi file archiving, and no legal recognition by the State, the State no relevant legislation. Thus, the electronic filing of documents and the natural name is not correct justification.

The confidentiality of electronic documents, people's views are different. In fact, if used enough to complete the system, then many confidentiality of electronic documents better than paper documents, such as electronic signatures, electronic seals, etc., from a technical point of view, electronic signatures, electronic seals and other techniques have been more perfect, though Now do not get much use, but they still have the great potential of. However, the confidentiality of electronic documents is not very strong, most important, especially in classified documents, the document still need to save paper.

From improved efficiency, resource conservation point of view, the network interconnection process is significant, its necessity is indisputable. However, if the electronic document to completely replace the paper files, perhaps there is still a long way to go. Like a computer, television, broadcast has no substitute to paper, I am afraid the prevalence of electronic documents is impossible to completely replace paper documents. In short, electronic documents and paper documents the current use is still in the state of synchronous operation, only in some simple, non-classified documents of the exchange and transmission of electronic documents used to get larger, but in relation to signature, cover Zhang, archive documents dealing with such issues, the real network environment to achieve a "paperless office", it is estimated, but also a considerable period of time. Mainly in electronic documents, paper documents, supplemented, perhaps the most successful outcome is the case now!

随着现代化、信息化建设步伐的加快，新型的网络化办公方式向传统的“公文往返式”办公提出挑战，方便、快捷的电子政务得以推广。同时又给电子文件与传统的纸质文件办公是如何相容带来新的课题，本文就网络环境下的“无纸化办公”谈一些初浅的认识，与大家共同探讨。

一、“无纸化办公”好处多

1．鼠标一摁，工作效率提高

提高效率、信息共享、协同办公是大多数机关、部门实行无纸化办公的最主要的出发点。电子政务的方便快捷使大家受益匪浅，许多原本繁杂冗余的工作都在手指的点击下轻松完成。无纸化办公，主要是在内部局域网的基础上建立起来的，通过采用网络互联后，实现信息共享和协同办公。采用这种网络办公方式的主要出发点是提高工作效率。这种办公方式极大地提高了工作效率，减轻了工作负担。过去，非涉密的发文、会议通知、政务信息等，都需要打印、复印，然后由通讯员递送各个部门，效率很低，在印发上浪费了大量的时间、人力和物力。各部门的信息不能得到及时地沟通，造成诸多不便。使用网络互联后，信息交流非常畅通便捷，工作效率也得到很大提高，原来需要到处寄送的文件，现在只要手指一摁，几十份通知瞬间就发出去了。

2．键盘一敲，费用减少

除了“省力”外，“省钱”也是机关采用网络互联办公系统的另一个重要原因。网络互联就像一台无形的截流阀，在不知不觉为政府机关节约了大量资源，削减巨额办公经费。既然是网络电子文件，那么节约资源自然首先从节省纸张开始。实行网络化办公使得纸质文件大量减少，随之而来的印刷、用纸等办公费用也相应缩减。而电子文件的使用及网络互联的开通，则节约了发送纸质文件所需的邮资、路费、通讯费和人力，不仅有效提高了办公效率，而且节省了大量相关办公开支。此外，随着电子文件的增多，纸质文件的减少，也将使各级政府部门在解决大量“文山”问题上节约大量人力和空间。另外，电子政务的实现，也能使现有固定资产充分发挥效用，各尽其能。之前，尽管许多政府机关都配备了电脑，但由于没有实现网络互联，许多电脑都沦为打字机或游戏机，电脑的功能发挥得极少。而实现网络互联、无纸化办公后，电脑的方便、快捷的作用才得以真正发挥。

二、遭遇的“无纸化”尴尬

1998年，美国国会通过了《政府文书消除法案》。一时间，一股“无纸办公”潮流在美国迅速兴起。曾经有人预言，不出多少年，纸张将被彻底“扫下办公桌”，代之以经济高效的数字化网络办公新模式。有人进行了大胆的测算，宣称这场史无前例的办公革命每年将从电锯下拯救出大量用于造纸的树木，从而为全球植被保护做出巨大的贡献……

然而，时隔多年，“无纸办公”这个网络时代的新生儿却未像人们所预期的那样茁壮成长，电子文件仍然难以战胜纸张这个神秘而古老的媒介。时至今日，“无纸办公”理念并未为社会公众广泛接受，尽管推进电子信息化的努力继续在办公领域取得进展，但本应与之同步的全流程数字化网络办公新理念仍未深入人心。唯一有所不同，或许是原本所谓的“行云流水”、“下笔如有神”变成了噼里啪啦的敲字声，鲜明个性的手书变成了机械乏味的打印稿。

人们对“无纸化”的疑惑并非空穴来风。纸张是被千百年来人类社会所证明了的保存信息和知识效果最好、保存时间最长的媒介。倘若有一天，纸张真正被电子媒介，如硬盘、软盘、光盘，还有VCD、DVD等所取代时，有谁能够保证百年后，它们依然能够安全地为人们妥善保管这些东西，并且能为后世所读,且不说所有的电子媒介都不可避免地会受物理和化学因素的影响产生质变，无法打开，单从电脑本身储存技术和形式的飞跃发展上来看，任何现有的保险系数非常大的新的媒介，都有可能被迅速地淘汰，无法被新的格式所支持，从而难以读出。例如前几年还流行的5.25英寸软盘现在已被淘汰，过去用这种介质保存的信息要么必须复制转移，要么就是无法读出。因此，电子文档的保存方式实在难以让人信任。因此在电子档案管理中就应明确规定“归档电子文件应该录在只读光盘、一次写光盘、磁带等耐久性载体上，禁用软磁盘作为归档电子文件的长期保存载体”。

不少激进的人文主义者则认为，电子文件冷酷，缺少人情味，“无纸办公”违背了人性准则，把原本充满乐趣的工作搞得单调乏味，使人从一开始就沦为电脑和网络的奴隶，理当受到抵制。现在许多作家依然固守奋笔疾书的习惯，在他们看来，敲出来的铅字冰冷生硬，没有灵魂。“无纸化”的文字是工业时代制造出来的精神垃圾。

三、电子、纸张同步使用

从当前无纸化办公的实行状况来看，电子政务仍然无法完全取代纸质办公。许多实行无纸化办公的政府机关仍然是双管齐下，电子、纸质同时运行。尽管无纸化公文传输使得办公效率大大提高，节约了一定的资源，但是它存在一些问题。比如，由于电子文稿无法完全取代纸质文件，许多地方上传的文件仍然需要打印出来，盖章签字然后保存。在电子档案管理中应明确规定：“具有永久、长期保存价值的电子文件，必须形成一份纸质文件归档，归档份数一式两份，一份用以长期保存，一份用以提供利用。”因此，以电子文档形式保存文件的意义只在于它们能够提供较为方便的查询，而在保存的稳妥性、安全性上仍然远远不如纸质文件。这一方面是由于当前电脑的保险系数较低，文件的保存没有确切的保障；另一方面则是电子文件存档并没有得到国家法律上的认可，国家没有相关的立法。因此，电子文件存档自然名不正言不顺。

在电子文档的保密性上，人们的看法不尽相同。事实上，如果所采用的系统足够完备的话，许多电子文件的保密性要强于纸质文档，比如电子签名、电子印章等，从技术上来看，电子签名、电子印章等技术已经比较完善了，尽管现在还没有得到很大的运用，但它们还是具有很大的发挥潜力的。但电子文档的保密性还不是很强，大多数重要的、特别是涉密的文件，仍然需要通过纸质文档来保存。

从提高效率、节约资源的角度看来，网络互联进程的意义重大，其必要性无可争议。但是，如果说电子文件要完全取代纸质文件，大概还有很长的一段路要走。就像计算机、电视、广播的出现无法取代报纸一样，电子文件的盛行恐怕也难以完全取代纸质文件。总之，当前电子文件和纸质文件的使用仍然处于同步运行的状态，只有在一些简易的、非涉密的文件的交流及传输上，电子文件才能得到较大的运用，而在涉及签字、盖章、存档等问题的文件的处理上，真正实现网络环境下的“无纸化办公”，估计还得有相当一段时间。以电子文件为主，纸质文件为辅，最圆满的结局或许就是如此吧！